Язык программирования С. 

Программирование. Алгоритмы. Структуры данных. 

C language. Basics.

• C Language intro. Why learn C.
• Language overview. History. C Language standards.
• Environment setup. Windows. Linux.
• Program structure.
• Basic syntax.
• Data types.
• Variables and keywords.
• Constants.
• Operators.
• Flow control. Decision making.
• Loops.
• Functions.
• Scope rules.
• Arrays.
• Pointers.
• Strings.
• Structures.
• Unions.
• Bit fields
• Typedef.
• Input & Output.
• File I/O.
• Preprocessor directives.
• Header files.
• Type casting.
• Error handling.
• Recursion.
• Memory management.
• Command line arguments.

C language. Advanced.

• Compiling steps.
• Macros and preprocessor.
• Line slicing.
• Tokens.

Declaration. Definition. Scope.

• How are variables scoped. Scope rules.
• How linker resolve multiply defined global symbols.
• Complicated declarations in C. Redeclaration.
• Internal and external Linkage.
• Initialization of global and static variables.

Data types

• Data types.
• Use of bool.
• Integer promotions.
• Comparison of a float variables.
• Long data type
• size_t data type.
• Data-types and modifiers.
• Float and Double.
• Typecasting.

Storage classes

• Storage classes.
• Static variables.
• “extern” keyword.
• Default values of static variables.
• “volatile” qualifier.
• Const qualifier.
• Initialization of static variables.
• “register” keyword.

Input/Output

• Returned values of printf(), scanf()
• Return type of getchar(), fgetc() and getc().
• puts() vs printf()
• Difference between printf, sprintf and fprintf.
• Difference between getc(), getchar(), getch() and getche().
• Difference between %d and %i format specifier.
• scanf() and fscanf().
• getchar_unlocked().
• Problem with scanf()
• rand() and srand()

Operators

• Operators in C. Arithmetic operators
• Relational and logical operators.
• Bitwise operators.
• Operator precedence and associativity.
• Evaluation order of operands.
• Sequence points.
• sizeof operator .
• Operands for sizeof operator.
• Result of comma operator as l-value in C.
• Order of operands for logical operators.
• Precedence of postfix ++ and prefix ++ in C.
• Ternary operator.
• Difference between ++*p, *p++ and *++p
• Difference between strlen() and sizeof()
• Stringizing and Token-pasting operator

Preprocessor

• Macros.
• Variable length arguments for macros
• Multiline macros.
• CRASH() macro – interpretation
• The OFFSETOF() macro.
• Branch prediction macros in GCC
• Diffference between #define and const in C?
• Constants in C
• Preprocessor directives. Advanced.
• isgraph() library function
• Create your own header file.
• difftime() library function
• tmpnam() library function
• _Generic keyword.
• math.h library functions
• typedef versus #define in C
• strftime() library function
• exec family of functions

Arrays & Strings

• Arrays in C Language
• Strings in C Language
• Escape sequences in C
• Properties of array in C language
• Do not use sizeof for array parameters
• Initialization of variable sized array.
• Single quoted vs double quoted declaration of char array.
• Multidimensional arrays in C.
• char s[] vs char *s .
• Storage for strings.
• Array and pointer.
• How to dynamically allocate a 2D array.
• How to pass a 2D array as a parameter.
• Short hand array notation
• Accessing array out of bounds
• strcpy(), strcmp(), strdup(), strdndup().
• strpbrk(), strcull(), ispunct(), strspn()
• isalpha() and isdigit().

Control statements

• For vs While
• Nested loops.
• switch statement
• while(1), while(0)
• goto statement
• Continue statement
• Break statement
• Using range in switch case

Functions

• Function prototype.
• return vs exit()
• How to count variable number of aguments.
• Evaluation order of function parameters.
• Return multiple values from a function.
• Static functions
• exit(), abort() and assert()
• _Noreturn function specifier.
• __func__ identifier.
• Callback function.
• Parameter passing techniques

Pointers

• Double Pointer (Pointer to Pointer).
• Why C treats array parameters as pointers.
• Dangling, Void , Null and Wild pointers
• Pointer to a function.
• Pointer vs Array
• near, far and huge pointers
• const char *p, char * const p and const char * const p
• Pointer to an Array

Enum, Struct and Union

• Structure member alignment.
• Operations on struct variables
• Bit fields.
• Flexible array members in structure.
• Structure vs Union
• Anonymous Union and Structure
• Compound literals

Memory Management

• Memory layout of C programs,
• How to deallocate memory without using free()
• calloc() vs malloc()
• Use of realloc()
• What is memory leak? How can we avoid?

File handling

• Basics of file handling
• fseek() vs rewind()
• EOF, getc() and feof()
• fopen() for an existing file in write mode
• fgets() and gets().
• fsetpos().
• tmpfile() function./li>
• fgetc() and fputc().
• fseek().
• ftell().
• lseek().

Data structures

• Array
• Linked list
• Stack
• Queue
• Binary tree
• Binary search tree
• Heap
• Hashing
• Graph
• Matrix

Algorithms

• Search algorithms - linear search and binary search
• Comparison of sorting algorithms
• Intro to sorting algorithms: bubble sort
• Selection sort and insertion sort
• Heap sort
• Merge sort
• Quicksort
• Radix sort a special case sorting algorithm